Trombosis venosa profunda en pacientes hospitalizados: estrategias de prevención. Una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26820/reciamuc/8.(4).dic.2024.124-136Palabras clave:
Trombosis venosa, Hospitalización, Prevención y control, Evaluación de riesgos, AnticoagulantesResumen
La trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) es una complicación frecuente y potencialmente mortal en pacientes hospitalizados, asociada con inmovilidad, intervenciones quirúrgicas y comorbilidades. Su prevención es una prioridad clínica para reducir la morbilidad, mortalidad y costos hospitalarios. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las estrategias de prevención más efectivas para la TVP en pacientes hospitalizados, con base en la evidencia científica disponible. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales, ensayos clínicos controlados y revisiones sistemáticas publicados entre 2010 y 2025. Los criterios de inclusión consideraron investigaciones en adultos hospitalizados con evaluación de intervenciones preventivas para TVP. Se excluyeron estudios en población ambulatoria o con diagnóstico previo de TVP. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library y ScienceDirect. En total, se seleccionaron 28 estudios tras un proceso de revisión por pares. La calidad metodológica fue evaluada mediante la herramienta MMAT (Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool). Las estrategias más efectivas incluyeron el uso de anticoagulantes profilácticos (heparina de bajo peso molecular), dispositivos de compresión neumática intermitente y programas de movilización temprana. La evidencia mostró una reducción significativa en la incidencia de TVP con la implementación combinada de medidas farmacológicas y mecánicas. Se identificaron patrones que favorecen la individualización del riesgo trombótico para optimizar las intervenciones. La prevención efectiva de la TVP en pacientes hospitalizados requiere un enfoque multifactorial basado en la estratificación del riesgo. Se recomienda integrar protocolos clínicos estandarizados y continuar la investigación sobre estrategias adaptadas a diferentes perfiles de pacientes.
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