Impacto del bullying escolar en el desarrollo emocional y académico. Una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26820/reciamuc/9.(2).abril.2025.213-230Palabras clave:
Bullying escolar, Desarrollo emocional, Rendimiento académico, Psicología educativa, Ecología del desarrolloResumen
El bullying escolar es una problemática persistente que afecta gravemente el desarrollo emocional y académico de los estudiantes. Este fenómeno, además de tener consecuencias individuales, puede generar impactos colectivos que se extienden al entorno escolar y social, incluyendo dimensiones ecológicas del comportamiento humano. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es analizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre el impacto del bullying escolar en el desarrollo emocional y académico, con una mirada integradora desde la psicología y su articulación con enfoques ecológicos del desarrollo. Se aplicó la metodología PRISMA para la selección, evaluación y síntesis de estudios empíricos publicados entre 2010 y 2025 en bases de datos académicas reconocidas (Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, y PsycINFO). Se incluyeron 42 estudios originales que cumplieron con criterios de calidad metodológica, pertinencia temática y rigurosidad científico. Los hallazgos indican que el bullying escolar tiene efectos negativos significativos en el bienestar emocional (ansiedad, depresión, baja autoestima) y el rendimiento académico (bajo desempeño, ausentismo, deserción). Además, se identificaron factores de riesgo y protección desde una perspectiva ecológica que involucra la familia, la escuela y la comunidad. El bullying escolar constituye una amenaza compleja y multifactorial que requiere intervenciones integradas desde la psicología educativa y la ecología del desarrollo humano. Esta revisión aporta evidencia sistematizada que puede orientar políticas públicas y prácticas pedagógicas más inclusivas y resilientes.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Deysi Gabriela Solano Sisalima
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